Ziya zisanda izinto ezidityanisiweyo zifumana indlela yazo kwiinkqubo zikaloliwe kunye nezokuthutha ngobuninzi

Ukongeza, iibhasi, i-subway kunye nabaqhubi bezitimela baqala ukuqonda iingenelo zezinto ezidibeneyo ekunciphiseni ukungcangcazela okunomsindo kunye ne-cacophony.“Ukuba ukhe waba kuloliwe ongaphantsi komhlaba weva ipleyiti yentsimbi ikhala,” utshilo uDavis.Ukuba indawo yolawulo yenziwe ngezinto ezidityanisiweyo, iya kusithulisa isandi kwaye yenze uloliwe athule.

Ubunzima obukhaphukhaphu becomposite bukwenza ukuba kube nomtsalane kubaqhubi beebhasi abanomdla wokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha kunye nokwandisa uluhlu lwayo.Kwingxelo kaSeptemba ka-2018, inkampani yophando lwentengiso uLucintel yaqikelela ukuba imakethi yehlabathi yeekompositi ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha abantu abaninzi kunye nezithuthi ezingekho ezindleleni ziya kukhula ngesantya sonyaka se-4.6 yeepesenti phakathi kuka-2018 no-2023, ngexabiso elinokubakho le-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2023. Amathuba aya kuvela kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ingaphandle, ingaphakathi, ihood kunye neenxalenye ze-powertrain, kunye nezixhobo zombane.

I-Norplex-Micarta ngoku ivelisa iinxalenye ezintsha ezivavanywa ngoku kwiindlela zikaloliwe ezilula e-United States.Ukongeza, inkampani iyaqhubeka nokugxila kwiinkqubo zokufakelwa kombane kunye nezixhobo zefiber eziqhubekayo kwaye zibadibanise neenkqubo zokunyanga ngokukhawuleza."Unokunciphisa iindleko, ukwandisa imveliso, kwaye uzise ukusebenza okupheleleyo kwe-FST phenolic kwimarike," kuchaza uDavis.Ngelixa izinto ezidityanisiweyo zinokubiza kakhulu kuneentsimbi ezifanayo, uDavis uthi iindleko ayisosicelo esimisela into abayifundayo.

Ukukhanya kunye nedangatye-retardant
Ukuhlaziywa komqhubi kaloliwe waseYurophu iDuetsche Bahn yeemoto ezingama-66 ze-ICE-3 Express yenye yesakhono semathiriyeli ehlanganisiweyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi.Inkqubo yokupholisa umoya, inkqubo yokuzonwabisa yabahambi kunye nezihlalo ezitsha zongeze ubunzima obungeyomfuneko kwiimoto zikaloliwe ze-ICE-3.Ukongezelela, umgangatho wokuqala weplywood awuzange uhlangabezane nemigangatho emitsha yomlilo yaseYurophu.Inkampani yayidinga isisombululo somgangatho wokunceda ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhusela umlilo.Umgangatho odibeneyo odibeneyo yimpendulo.

I-Saertex, umenzi wamalaphu adibeneyo asekelwe eJamani, ibonelela ngenkqubo yezinto ze-LEO® zomgangatho wayo.UDaniel Stumpp, intloko yentengiso yehlabathi kwi-Saertex Group, uthe i-LEO lilaphu elineleya, elingenagwele elinikezela ngeempawu eziphezulu zoomatshini kunye namandla amakhulu anobunzima kunamalaphu alukiweyo.Inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo yamacandelo amane iquka iingubo ezikhethekileyo zokumelana nomlilo, izinto eziqinisiweyo ze-fiberglass, i-SAERfoam® (into engundoqo kunye ne-3D-fiberglass Bridges edibeneyo), kunye ne-LEO vinyl ester resins.

I-SMT (ekwasekelwe eJamani), umenzi wezinto ezidibeneyo, wenza umgangatho ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuzaliswa kwe-vacuum esebenzisa iingxowa zokucoca ze-silicon eziphinda zisetyenziswe ezenziwe ngu-Alan Harper, inkampani yaseBritani."Sisindise malunga neepesenti ze-50 zobunzima kwiplywood yangaphambili," kusho uStumpp."Inkqubo ye-LEO isekelwe kwi-fiber laminates eqhubekayo kunye nenkqubo ye-resin engagcwaliswanga kunye neempawu ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini ... . Ukongeza, i-composite ayiboli, nto leyo iluncedo olukhulu, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho ikhephu likhithika ebusika kunye nemvula. umgangatho umanzi."Umgangatho, ikhaphethi ephezulu kunye nemathiriyeli yerabha zonke ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho emitsha yokubuyiswa komlilo.

I-SMT ivelise ngaphezu kwe-32,000 yeenyawo zee-square zepaneli, ezifakelwe malunga nesithathu kwi-ICE-3 yoololiwe abasibhozo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlaziya, ubukhulu bephaneli nganye buphuculwe ukuze bulingane imoto ethile.I-OEM ye-ICE-3 sedan yachukumiseka kakhulu ngumgangatho omtsha odibeneyo kangangokuba iyalele uphahla oludibeneyo ukuba luthathe indawo yolwakhiwo oludala lwentsimbi kwiimoto zikaloliwe.

Hamba uqhubeke
I-Proterra, umyili osekelwe eCalifornia kunye nomvelisi weebhasi zombane zero-emission, usebenzisa izinto ezidibeneyo kuzo zonke imizimba yazo ukususela ngo-2009. Kwi-2017, inkampani ibeka irekhodi ngokuqhuba i-1,100 enye yeekhilomitha kwi-Catalyst yayo yebhetri. ®E2 ibhasi.Loo bhasi inomzimba okhaphukhaphu owenziwe ngumenzi odibeneyo we-TPI Composite.

* Kutshanje, i-TPI isebenzisana neProterra ukuvelisa ibhasi yombane edibeneyo yonke-kwinye."Kwibhasi okanye ilori eqhelekileyo, kukho i-chassis, kwaye umzimba uhlala phezu kwaloo chassis," ucacisa uTodd Altman, umlawuli weNtengiso yobuChule kwi-TPI.Ngoyilo oluqinileyo lwebhasi, sidibanise itshisi kunye nomzimba kunye, ngokufana noyilo lwemoto enye." Isakhiwo esinye sisebenza ngakumbi kunezakhiwo ezibini ezahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza.
Umzimba we-Proterra oneqokobhe elinye wakhiwe ngenjongo, uyilwe ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuba ube sisithuthi sombane.Lo ngumahluko obalulekileyo, utshilo u-Altman, kuba amava abenzi beemoto ezininzi kunye nabenzi beebhasi zombane kukuzama iinzame ezilinganiselweyo zokuhlengahlengisa uyilo lwabo lwemveli lweenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kwizithuthi zombane."Bathatha iiplatifomu ezikhoyo kwaye bazama ukupakisha iibhetri ezininzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ayinikezi isisombululo esona sisisombululo kuyo nayiphi na imbono."“Utshilo uAltman.
Iibhasi ezininzi zombane, umzekelo, zineebhetri ngasemva okanye ngaphezulu kwesithuthi.Kodwa kwiProterra, iTPI iyakwazi ukufaka ibhetri phantsi kwebhasi."Ukuba ukongeza ubunzima obuninzi kwisakhiwo sesithuthi, ufuna ukuba ubunzima bube bulula ngokusemandleni, kokubili kwinqanaba lokusebenza kunye nokukhusela," kusho u-Altman.Uqaphele ukuba uninzi lweebhasi zombane kunye nabavelisi beemoto ngoku babuyela kwibhodi yokuzoba ukuze baphuhlise uyilo olusebenzayo nolujolise kwizithuthi zabo.

I-TPI ingene kwisivumelwano seminyaka emihlanu neProterra sokuvelisa ukuya kutsho kuma-3,350 amaqumrhu ebhasi adibeneyo kumaziko e-TPI e-Iowa naseRhode Island.

Kufuneka wenze ngokwezifiso
Ukuyila i-Catalyst bus body kufuna ukuba i-TPI kunye neProterra zihlale zilungelelanisa amandla kunye nobuthathaka bazo zonke izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuze bakwazi ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zeendleko ngelixa befezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle.U-Altman waqaphela ukuba amava e-TPI ekuveliseni amaphiko omoya amakhulu amalunga neemitha ezingama-200 ubude kwaye anobunzima obungama-25,000 eeponti enza kube lula kubo ukuvelisa imizimba yebhasi yeenyawo ezingama-40 enobunzima obuphakathi kwe-6,000 kunye ne-10,000 yeeponti.

I-TPI iyakwazi ukufumana amandla afunekayo esakhiwo ngokukhetha ukusebenzisa i-carbon fiber kunye nokugcina ukuqinisa iindawo ezithwele umthwalo omkhulu."Sisebenzisa i-carbon fiber apho unokuthenga khona imoto," kusho uAltman.Ngokubanzi, i-carbon fiber yenza ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezili-10 zezixhobo zokuqinisa umzimba, kunye nezinye ziyi-fiberglass.

I-TPI ikhethe i-vinyl ester resin ngesizathu esifanayo."Xa sijonga i-epoxies, zikhulu, kodwa xa uziphilisa, kufuneka uphakamise ukushisa, ngoko kufuneka ufudumeze isikhunta. Yindleko eyongezelelweyo, "waqhubeka.

Inkampani isebenzisa i-vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) ukuvelisa izakhiwo zesandwich ezidibeneyo ezibonelela ngokuqina okufunekayo kwigobolondo elilodwa.Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, ezinye izixhobo zetsimbi (ezifana nezixhobo ezifakelweyo kunye neepleyiti zokucofa) zifakwe emzimbeni.Ibhasi yahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo aphezulu nasezantsi, aze adityaniswe kunye.Abasebenzi kufuneka kamva bongeze imihlobiso emincinci edibeneyo efana ne-fairings, kodwa inani lamalungu liqhezu lebhasi yentsimbi.

Emva kokuthumela umzimba ogqityiweyo kwiplanti yokuvelisa ibhasi yaseProterra, umgca wemveliso uhamba ngokukhawuleza kuba kukho umsebenzi omncinci omele wenziwe.Akunyanzelekanga ukuba benze konke ukuwelda, ukucola kunye nokuvelisa, kwaye banonxibelelwano olulula kakhulu lokudibanisa umzimba kwi-drivetrain, utshilo u-Altman.IProterra igcina ixesha kwaye inciphisa i-overhead kuba indawo yokuvelisa encinci iyafuneka kwiqokobhe le-monocotic.

U-Altman ukholelwa ukuba imfuno yemizimba yebhasi edibeneyo iya kuqhubeka ikhula njengoko izixeko ziguqukela kwiibhasi zombane ukunciphisa ungcoliseko kunye nokunciphisa iindleko.Ngokutsho kweProterra, iimoto zombane zebhetri zineyona ndleko iphantsi yokusebenza komjikelo (iminyaka eyi-12) xa kuthelekiswa nedizili, igesi yendalo ecinezelweyo okanye iibhasi zedizili ezixutyiweyo.Eso inokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba uProterra athi ukuthengiswa kweebhasi zombane ezisebenza ngebhetri ngoku kubalelwa kwi-10% yemalike yezothutho iyonke.

Kusekho imiqobo ekusetyenzisweni okubanzi kwezinto ezidibeneyo kumzimba webhasi yombane.Enye yezobungcali kwiimfuno zabathengi beebhasi ezahlukeneyo."Bonke abaphathi bezothutho bathanda ukufumana iibhasi ngendlela eyahlukileyo - ukulungelelaniswa kwezihlalo, ukuvulwa kwe-hatch. Ngumngeni omkhulu kubavelisi beebhasi, kwaye uninzi lwezo zinto zokumisela zinokuya kuthi."U-Altman uthe. "Abenzi bomzimba abadibeneyo bafuna ukuba nokwakhiwa okusemgangathweni, kodwa ukuba wonke umthengi ufuna umgangatho ophezulu wokwenza ngokwezifiso, kuya kuba nzima ukwenza oko." I-TPI iyaqhubeka nokusebenza neProterra ukuphucula uyilo lwebhasi ukulawula ngcono. ukuguquguquka okufunwa ngabathengi bokugqibela.

Phonononga okunokwenzeka
Ii-Composites ziyaqhubeka nokuvavanya ukuba ingaba izixhobo zayo zifanelekile na kwizicelo ezintsha zokuthutha abantu abaninzi.E-UK, i-ELG Carbon Fibre, egxile kwitekhnoloji yokuphinda isetyenziswe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwefayibha yekhabhoni, ikhokela indibaniselwano yeenkampani eziphuhlisa izinto ezikhaphukhaphu ezidityanisiweyo zeebhogi kwiimoto zabakhweli.I-bogie isekela umzimba wemoto, ikhokela i-wheelset kwaye igcina uzinzo.Banceda ekuphuculeni ubutofotofo bokukhwela ngokufunxa ukungcangcazela kwesiporo kunye nokunciphisa amandla ombindi we-centrifugal njengoko uloliwe ejika.

Olunye usukelo lwale projekthi kukuvelisa iibhogi ezikhaphukhaphu ngama-50 ekhulwini kuneentsimbi zentsimbi ezinokuthelekiswa."Ukuba i-bogie ilula, iya kubangela umonakalo omncinci kumzila, kwaye ngenxa yokuba umthwalo kumzila uya kuba ngaphantsi, ixesha lokugcinwa kunye neendleko zokulondoloza zingancitshiswa," kusho uCamille Seurat, injineli yophuhliso lwemveliso ye-ELG.Iinjongo ezongezelelweyo kukunciphisa amandla amavili asecaleni ukuya kuloliwe ngama-40% kwaye kubonelele ngokujongwa kwemeko yobomi bonke.IBhodi yeMigangatho yoKhuseleko lukaLoliwe kunye neMigangatho yase-UK (RSSB) ixhasa ngemali le projekthi ngenjongo yokuvelisa imveliso enokuthengiseka.

Ulingo olubanzi lwemveliso luye lwaqhutywa kwaye inani leepaneli zovavanyo zenziwe kusetyenziswa i-prepregs ukusuka kwi-die pressing, i-layup yesiqhelo emanzi, i-perfusion kunye ne-autoclave.Ngenxa yokuba ukuveliswa kweebhogi kuya kuthintelwa, inkampani yakhetha i-epoxy prepreg enyangwa kwii-autoclaves njengeyona ndlela ineendleko zokwakha.

Iprototype ye-bogie epheleleyo yi-8.8 ubude ubude, i-6.7 yeenyawo ububanzi kunye ne-2.8 yeenyawo ukuphakama.Yenziwe ngokudityaniswa kwefayibha yekhabhoni esetyenzisiweyo (iiphedi ezingalukwanga ezibonelelwa yiELG) kunye nelaphu le-carbon fibre ekrwada.Imicu yendlela enye iya kusetyenziselwa eyona nto yamandla kwaye iya kufakwa kwi-mold isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe berobhothi.I-epoxy eneempawu ezilungileyo zemishini iya kukhethwa, eya kuba yi-epoxy esandul 'ukuqulunqwa kwe-flame retardant eqinisekisiwe i-EN45545-2 yokusetyenziswa koololiwe.
Ngokwahlukileyo kwiibhogi zentsimbi, ezidityaniswe ukusuka kwiiplanga zokuqhuba ukuya kwiiplanga ezimbini ezisecaleni, iibhogi ezidityanisiweyo ziya kwakhiwa ngemiphezulu kunye neezantsi ezahlukeneyo ezidityaniswayo.Ukutshintsha iibhogi zetsimbi ezikhoyo, inguqu edibeneyo iya kufuneka idibanise ukumiswa kunye nokudibanisa i-brake brackets kunye nezinye izesekeli kwindawo efanayo."Okwangoku, sikhethe ukugcina izixhobo zetsimbi, kodwa kwiiprojekthi ezongezelelweyo, kunokuba lunomdla ukutshintsha izixhobo zetsimbi kunye nokufakelwa kohlobo oludibeneyo ukuze sikwazi ukunciphisa ngakumbi ubunzima bokugqibela," kusho uSeurat.

Ilungu le-consortium ye-Sensors kunye ne-Composites Group kwiYunivesithi yaseBirmingham ijongene nokuphuhliswa kwenzwa, eya kuhlanganiswa kwi-bogie edibeneyo kwinqanaba lokuvelisa."Uninzi lwezinzwa ziya kugxila ekubekeni iliso kuxinzelelo kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo kwi-bogie, ngelixa ezinye zezokubona ubushushu," utshilo uSeurat.Abenzi boluvo baya kuvumela ukubeka iliso kwexesha langempela lesakhiwo esidibeneyo, ukuvumela idatha yomthwalo wobomi ukuba iqokelelwe.Oku kuya kubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nomthwalo ophezulu kunye nokukhathala kwexesha elide.

Uphononongo lokuqala lubonisa ukuba iibhogi ezidibeneyo kufuneka zikwazi ukufezekisa ukunciphisa okufunwayo kwe-50%.Iqela leprojekthi linethemba lokuba nebhogi enkulu elungele ukuvavanywa phakathi kwe-2019.Ukuba iprototype yenza njengoko kulindelekile, baya kuvelisa iibhogi ezininzi zokuvavanya iitram ezenziwe nguAlstom, inkampani yothutho lukaloliwe.

Ngokutsho kukaSeurat, nangona kusekho umsebenzi omninzi ekufuneka wenziwe, izibonakaliso zangaphambili zibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwakha i-bogie edibeneyo yorhwebo enokukhuphisana kunye neentsimbi zetsimbi kwiindleko kunye namandla.“Emva koko ndicinga ukuba zininzi izinto onokukhetha kuzo kunye nezicelo ezinokuthi zibekho kwiikhompositi kwishishini likaloliwe,” wongeze watsho.(Inqaku liphinde liprintwe kwiCarbon Fiber kunye neTekhnoloji eDityanisiweyo nguDkt. Qian Xin).